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the republic

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The Republic

San Martín immediately assumed political control of the fledgling nation. Under the title Protector of Peru he set about devising a workable constitution for the new nation - at one point even considering importing European royalty to establish a new monarchy. A libertarian as well as a liberator, San Martín declared freedom for slaves' children, abolished Indian service, and even outlawed the term "Indian". But in practice, with Royalist troops still controlling large sectors of the sierra, his approach did more to frighten the establishment than it did to help the slaves and peasants whose problems remain, even now, deeply rooted in their social and territorial inheritance.

The development of a relatively stable political system took virtually the rest of the nineteenth century, although Spanish resistance to independence was finally extinguished at the battles of Junin and Ayacucho in 1824. By this time, San Martín had given up the political power game, handing it over to Simón Bolívar , a man of enormous force with definite tendencies towards megalomania. Between them, Bolívar and his right-hand man, Sucre, divided Peru in half, with Sucre first president of the upper sector, renamed Bolivia. Bolívar himself remained dictator of a vast Andean Confederation - encompassing Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia - until 1826. Within a year of his withdrawal, however, the Peruvians had torn up his controversial constitution and voted the liberal General La Mar as president.

On La Mar's heels raced a generation of caudillos, military men, often mestizos of middle-class origins who had achieved recognition (on either side) in the battles for independence. The history of the early republic consists almost entirely of internal disputes between the Creole aristocracy and dictatorial caudillos. Peru plunged deep into a period of domestic and foreign plot and counterplot, while the economy and some of the nation's finest natural resources withered away.

Generals Santa Cruz and Gamarra stand out as two of the most ruthless players in this high-stakes power game: overthrowing La Mar in 1829, Santa Cruz became president of Bolivia and Gamarra of Peru. Four years later the liberal Creoles fought back with the election of General Orbegoso to the presidency. Gamarra, attempting to oust Orbegoso in a quiet palace coup, was overwhelmed and exiled. But the liberal constitution of 1834, despite its severe limitations on presidential power, still proved too much for the army - Orbegoso was overthrown within six months.

Unable to sit on the sidelines and watch the increasing pandemonium of Peruvian politics, Santa Cruz invaded Peru from Bolivia and installed himself as "Protector" in 1837. Very few South Americans were happy with this situation, least of all Gamarra, who joined with other exiles in Chile to plot revenge. After fierce fighting, Gamarra defeated Santa Cruz at Yungay, restored himself as president of Peru for two years, then died in 1841. During the next four years Peru had six more presidents, none of notable ability.

Ramon Castilla was the first president to bring any real strength to his office. On his assumption of power in 1845 the country began to develop more positively on the rising wave of a booming export in guano (birdshit) fertilizer. In 1856, a new moderate constitution was approved and Castilla began his second term of office in an atmosphere of growth and hope - there were rail lines to be built and the Amazon waterways to be opened up. Sugar and cotton became important exports from coastal plantations and the guano deposits alone yielded a revenue of $15 million in 1860. Castilla abolished Indian tribute and managed to emancipate slaves without social-economic disruption by buying them from their "owners"; guano income proved useful for this compensation.

His successors fared less happily. President Balta (1868-72) oversaw the construction of most of the rail lines, but overspent so freely on these and a variety of other public and engineering works that it left the country on the brink of economic collapse. In the 1872 elections an attempted military coup was spontaneously crushed by a civilian mob, and Peru's first civilian president - the laissez-faire capitalist Manuel Pardo - assumed power.


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Published articles and reviews about us

2009
Testimonials

Ajay Parikh
Date: Thu,16 Jul 2009

Hello all the folks at Peru Gateway Travel, 
We had a fantastic time in Peru.  We thank you all for making our trip a success. 
The only concern is that the accommodation in Cusco was below average and we would not recommend the Emparada Plaza (?) to anyone.  Even though the staff was good, the room/bathroom, breakfast was very bad. 
Once again, thanks a lot for making our trip to your country a memorable one.  All the guides, especially Guillarmo in Lima and Erica in Cusco, were excellent.


Kazuaki Kubo
Date: Thu,16 Jul 2009

I want to thank you and all of the staff of Peru Gateway Travel for the perfect arrangement of my trip in June.
Everything was so fantastic and I was made to think about another trip to Peru. 


Sincerely, Denise Pratico
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2009

I am writing to let you know that we enjoyed Peru very much. The city tour led by Marco was fantastic. We will be happy to recommend your agency to other Americans


Jane
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2009

We have completed our trip to Peru and are now back in New York City.  I want to thank you for all the arrangements you made.  The trip was wonderful and all our accommodations excellent.  Thank you for making our trip a success. 


Best regards, Marcy
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2009

We arrived home at 4 o'clock in the morning, very tired (we had a long lay-over in Amsterdam) but very very happy. I am so pleased to tell you that our Peru vacation that you planned for us was excellent! Everything was just as the itinerary said it would be. We were very pleased with the hotels, and the transfer people and guides were always there and everybody was so nice and knowledgeable. We learned a lot about your very exciting country and its history, particularly about the Quechua culture. We will always remember the Inti Raymi festival in Cusco. I am so glad we were able to see that. Of course Machu Picchu was also a great highlight. And, Michael and I also very much liked Arequipa. We didn't know much about that city, but we had a very great time there on our free day and visited the cathedral, spent a lot of time going through the Santa Catalina monastario and, of course, went to the museum to see "Juanita". Beautiful architecture there too.
Really, every day was wonderful, and we would like to thank you so much for all your efforts. Also please extend our thanks to Maria Carmen who was so helpful on the phone and to Julia, who came to the hotel our first night to explain many things to us and give us all our tickets and vouchers. And perhaps you also had something to do with our last night in Lima at the Libertador. We got a suite -- a very big beautiful room! Thank you so much.
We wish you and your family all the best, and for sure we will be recommending Peru Gateway Travel to our friends.

 


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